Author : Magda L. Behavioral, language, and reasoning are expressions of neural functions par excellence, as the brain must draw on sensory modalities to gather information on the rest of the body and on the outer world. Cortical areas processing the identity and location of the sensory inputs were once thought to be organized, with some branches dedicated to complex features.
Yet current studies have uncovered synergistic effects at early-stage cognitions as well as higher-level association areas. A less hierarchical functional architecture of the brain has emerged such that, irrespective of sensory modality, inputs are assigned to the best suited cortical substrate. The book examines the ways in which the brain accommodates the incredible feats of experts. Author : Marc L. This textbook is intended to give an introduction to neuroscience for students and researchers with no biomedical background.
Primarily written for psychologists, this volume is a digest giving a rapid but solid overview for people who want to inform themselves about the core fields and core concepts in neuroscience but don't need so many anatomical or biochemical details given in "classical" textbooks for future doctors or biologists. It does not require any previous knowledge in basic science, such as physics or chemistry.
On the other hand, it contains chapters that do go beyond the issues dealt with in most neuroscience textbooks: One chapter about mathematical modelling in neuroscience and another about "tools of neuroscience" explaining important methods. The book is divided in two parts.
The first part presents core concepts in neuroscience: Electrical Signals in the Nervous System Basics of Neuropharmacology Neurotransmitters The second part presents an overview of the neuroscience fields of special interest for psychology: Clinical Neuropharmacology Inputs, Outputs and Multisensory Processing Neural Plasticity in Humans Mathematical Modeling in Neuroscience Subjective Experience and its Neural Basis The last chapter, "Tools of Neuroscience" presents important methodogical approaches in neuroscience with a special focus on brain imaging.
Neuroscience for Psychologists aims to fill a gap in the teaching literature by providing an introductory text for psychology students that can also be used in other social sciences courses, as well as a complement in courses of neurophysiology, neuropharmacology or similar in careers outside as well as inside biological or medical fields.
Students of data sciences, chemistry and physics as well as engineering interested in neuroscience will also profit from the text. The proceedings present all traditional biomedical engineering areas, but also highlight new emerging fields, such as tissue engineering, bioinformatics, biosensing, neurotechnology, additive manufacturing technologies for medicine and biology, and bioimaging, to name a few.
Moreover, it emphasizes the role of education, translational research, and commercialization. Author : Julia Simner,Edward M. Synesthesia is a fascinating phenomenon which has captured the imagination of scientists and artists alike. This title brings together a broad body of knowledge about this condition into one definitive state-of-the-art handbook. The lastest volume in this prestigious series is dedicated to exploring how much of higher cognitive function can be explained by reduction to simpler sensorimotor processes.
It uses a series of specific cognitive domains to examine the sensorimotor bases of human cognition. The first section deals with the common neural processes for primary and 'cognitive' processes. It examines the key neural systems and computational architectures at the interface between cognition, sensation and action. The second section deals with specific themes in abstract cognition: the origins of action, and the conceptual aspects of sensory, particularly somatosensory processing. It looks at how mental and neural processes of abstraction are vital to the cognitive-sensorimotor interface.
It also covers topics such as tool-use, bodily awareness and executive organisation of action patterns, and probes the extent to which principles of sensorimotor information-processing extend to further hierarchical representations. The next section deals with the representation of the self and others.
To assess the effects of these rapidly approaching distractor stimuli on the excitability of the human motor system, we used single pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation, applied to the primary motor cortex, eliciting motor evoked potentials MEPs in the responding hand. As expected, and across several experiments, we found that motor excitability was modulated as a function of the distance of approaching balls from the hand: MEP amplitude was selectively reduced when the ball approached near the hand, both when the hand was on the left and on the right of the midline.
This suppression likely reflects the proactive inhibition of a possible avoidance responses that is elicited by the approaching ball see Makin et al. Strikingly, this hand-centered suppression occurred as early as 70 ms after ball appearance, and was not modified by the location of visual fixation relative to the hand.
Furthermore, it was selective for approaching balls, since static visual distractors did not modulate MEP amplitude. Together with additional behavioral measurements, this new series of experiments provides direct and converging evidence for automatic hand-centered coding of visual space in the human motor system.
These results strengthen our interpretation of PpS as a mechanism for translating potentially relevant visual information into a rapid motor response. Together, the behavioral and imaging studies reviewed above confirm the existence of brain mechanisms in humans that are specialized for representing visual information selectively when it arises from near the hand.
As highlighted in the previous section on monkey research, a strong binding mechanism of visual and tactile inputs has repeatedly been shown also in humans. Importantly, these converging results have refined and extended our understanding of the neural processes underlying multisensory representation of PpS, namely, by identifying various cortical areas that are involved in different sensory—motor aspects of PpS representation, and the time course of hand-centered processing.
The tight relationship between motor and visual representation of near space in the human brain led us most recently to an intriguing question: Would the loss of a hand through amputation and therefore the inability of the brain to represent visual information with respect to it lead to changes in visual perception?
Importantly, this bias was absent when the exact same task was repeated with the targets placed in far space. Until recently, the characteristics of visuo-tactile PpS in humans had been assessed exclusively, whereas the relevant body parts were held statically.
An exception could be found in studies showing dynamic changes of PpS during tasks such as line bisection e. However, if the PpS representation is indeed directly involved in body—object interactions, then modulations of visuo-tactile interaction should be found without needing the use of any tools.
In this respect, the execution of a voluntary free-hand action, for instance reaching toward an object, should induce a rapid online remapping of visuo-tactile spatial interactions, as the action unfolds. To test this hypothesis in humans, we conceived a modified version of the VTI paradigm described above, where multisensory interactions were also assessed during the dynamic phases of an action.
We asked a group of healthy participants to perform two tasks within each trial. The first task was perceptual, whereby participants discriminated the elevation up or down of a tactile target delivered to a digit on one hand index finger or thumb trying to ignore task-irrelevant visual distractor presented on a target object.
The second motor task consisted of grasping the target object, which was presented in four different orientations, with the index finger and thumb in a precision grip. The visuo-tactile stimulation was presented at one of three different timings with respect to the execution of the action: either in a static phase, when the grasping hand had not yet moved; at the onset of the movement 0 ms ; or in the early execution phase ms after movement onset.
When participants performed the action with the tactually stimulated hand, the VTI was enhanced i. This effect was even more pronounced when the visuo-tactile interaction was assessed during the early execution phase of the grasping. Crucially, if the same action was performed with the nonstimulated hand, no multisensory modulation was observed, even though both hands displayed comparable kinematic profiles Brozzoli et al.
This result provided the first evidence that, in humans, a motor-evoked remapping of PpS occurs, which is triggered by the execution of a grasping action: As in the monkey brain see Section Our brain updates the relationship between visual and tactile information well before the hand comes into contact with the object, since the perceptual reweighting is already effective at the very early stage of the action Figure The finding that such visuo-tactile reweighting was observed selectively when both perceptual and grasping tasks concerned the same hand, not only confirms the hand-centered nature of the PpS, but critically extends this property to ecological and adaptive dynamic situations of voluntary manipulative actions.
Furthermore, the kinematics analysis revealed possible parallels between the motor and perceptual performances, showing that a difference in the kinematic pattern was reflected by a difference in the perceptual domain for details, see Brozzoli et al.
See color insert. Grasping actions remap peripersonal space. The increase is even more important 79 more It is worth noting that the increase in VTI that was triggered by the action, even if already present at the very onset of the movement Figure That is, an even stronger interference of visual on tactile information was revealed, as the action unfolded in time and space.
To investigate more deeply the relationship between PpS remapping and the motor characteristics of the action, we tested whether different multisensory interactions might arise as a function of the required sensory—motor transformations. We would expect that action-dependent multisensory remapping should be more important whenever action performance requires relatively more complex sensory—motor transformations.
In a more recent study Brozzoli et al. For both movements, the interaction between task-irrelevant visual information on the object and the tactile information delivered on the acting hand increased in the early component of the action as reflected in a higher VTI , thus replicating our previous findings. However, a differential updating of the VTI took place during the execution phase of the two action types. Although the VTI magnitude was further increased during the execution phase of the grasping action with respect to movement onset , this was not the case in the pointing action.
In other words, when the hand approached the object, the grasping movement triggered stronger visuo-tactile interaction than pointing. Thus, not only a continuous updating of PpS occurs during action execution, but this remapping varies with the characteristics of the given motor act.
If part of the remapping of PpS is already effective at the onset of the motor program, the perceptual modulation will be kept unchanged. But in the case of relatively complex object-oriented interactions such as grasping, the remapping of PpS will be dynamically updated with respect to the motor command.
The studies reviewed in this chapter uncover the multisensory mechanisms our brain uses in order to directly link between visual information available outside our body and tactile information on our body. In particular, electrophysiological studies in monkeys revealed that the brain builds a body parts—centered representation of the space around the body, through a network of visuo-tactile areas. We also reviewed later evidence suggesting a functionally homologous representation of PpS in humans, which serves as a multisensory interface for interactions with objects in the external world.
Moreover, the action-related properties of PpS representation feature a basic aspect that might be crucial for rapid and automatic avoidance reactions, that is, a hand-centered representation of objects in near space.
We also showed that PpS representation is dynamically remapped during action execution, as a function of the sensory—motor transformations required by the action kinematics. We therefore suggested that PpS representation may also play a major role in voluntary action execution on nearby objects.
These two hypotheses involuntary and voluntary object-oriented actions are not mutually exclusive and one could speculate that, from a more primordial defensive function of this machinery, a more fine-grained and sophisticated function could have developed using the same, relatively basic visuo-tactile spatial computational capabilities.
This development could lead to its involvement in the control of the execution of voluntary actions toward objects. A possibly earlier report can be attributed to Sakata and colleagues , p. A first report of neurons responding while the monkey was watching an action performed by another individual is already present in an early electrophysiological study over the parietal area 7b Leinonen , p.
We have recently studied the effects of tool use on the body schema Cardinali et al. We have found that the representation of the body has been dynamically updated with the use of the tool. This dynamic updating of the body schema during action execution may serve as a sort of skeleton for PpS representation for a critical review of the relationship between human PpS and body schema representations, see Cardinali et al.
Turn recording back on. National Center for Biotechnology Information , U. Search term. M ultisensory F eatures of P eripersonal S pace : V isuo -T actile I nteraction around the B ody The binding of visual information available outside the body with tactile information arising, by definition, on the body, allows the representation of the space lying in between, which is often the theater of our interactions with objects.
Premotor Visuo-Tactile Interactions The most detailed series of studies on the properties of visuo-tactile neurons have been performed in the premotor cortex. Parietal Visuo-Tactile Interactions The posterior parietal lobe of the macaque brain contains two subregions with visuo-tactile properties: area 7b of the inferior posterior parietal lobe and the ventral section of the intraparietal sulcus VIP.
Subcortical visuo-Tactile interaction Pools of multisensory neurons have also been found in subcortical structures of the macaque brain. A Visuo-Tactile Network The neurophysiological findings described in the previous sections define a set of at least four distinctive areas with similar visuo-tactile responses: premotor inferior area 6, parietal areas 7b and VIP, and the putamen.
Dynamic Features of PpS Representation An important characteristic of some visuo-tactile areas is the dynamic property of their visual RFs. M otor F eatures of P p S: V isuo -T actile I nteraction around the A cting B ody Why should the brain maintain a representation of the space around the body separate from a representation of far extrapersonal space? A M ultisensory —M otor N etwork for B ody —O bject I nteractions in P p S The above reviewed studies provide a large body of indirect evidence in favor of the proposal that this parieto-frontal network binds together visual and tactile information in order to generate an appropriate motor program toward objects in the world.
P p S R epresentation in H umans PpS Representation in Neuropsychological Patients Extinction is a pathological sign following brain damage, whereby patients fail to perceive contralesional stimuli only under conditions of double simultaneous stimulation, thus revealing the competitive nature of this phenomenon di Pellegrino and De Renzi ; Driver ; Ward et al.
Pps Representation in Neurotypical Participants In healthy participants, most of the behavioral evidence for the hand-centered visuo-tactile representation of near space derives from a visuo-tactile interference VTI paradigm. A M ultisensory I nterface for B ody —O bjects I nteractions Until recently, the characteristics of visuo-tactile PpS in humans had been assessed exclusively, whereas the relevant body parts were held statically. FiGURE Reference frames for representing visual and tactile locations in parietal cortex.
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Brain Topography. Peripersonal space and body schema. In: Koob G. R, editors. Encyclopedia of Behavioral Neuroscience. Elsevier Science Ltd; b. Tool-use induces morphological up-dating of the body schema.
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Temporal dynamics of visuo-tactile extinction within and between hemispaces. Crutcher M. D, De Long M. Single cell studies of the primate putamen: II. Relations to direction of movement and pattern of muscular activity. Dehaene S. In: Dehaene S, Duhamel J. R, Hauser M, Rizzolatti G, editors.
From Monkey Brain to Human Brain. Deuel R. K, Regan D. Parihemineglect and motor deficits in the monkey. An experimental investigation on the nature of extinction.
Understanding motor events: A neurophysiological study. Seeing where your hands are. Driver J. The neuropsychology of spatial attention. In: Pashler H, editor.
Hove: Psychology Press; Duhamel J. R, Colby C. L, Goldberg M. Ventral Intraparietal area of the macaque: Congruent visual and somatic response properties. Ettlinger G, Kalsbeck J. Changes in tactile discrimination and in visual reaching after successive and simultaneous bilateral posterior parietal ablations in the monkey. He currently holds editorial board positions at Brain Topography editor-in-chief , Journal of Neuroscience associate editor , Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience associate editor , Frontiers in Auditory Cognitive Neuroscience associate editor , and the Scientific World Journal.
Murray has authored more than 80 articles and book chapters. Research in his group combines psychophysics, EEG, fMRI, and transcranial magnetic simulation in healthy and clinical populations. Mark T. He did a postdoctoral fellowship with Dr. Barry Stein at the Medical College of Virginia, where he began his research looking at the neural mechanisms of multisensory integration. In , Dr. Attention and Spatial Representations Spatial Constraints in Multisensory Attention The Colavita Visual Dominance Effect Naturalistic Multisensory Processes Motion Signals Naturalistic Multisensory Processes: Communication Signals Unity of the Senses for Primate Vocal Communication Naturalistic Multisensory Processes Flavor A Proposed Model of a Flavor Modality
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